1

The hypothesis that UHDs work through hydration shells

Matsumoto J. Molecular mechanism of biological responses to homoeopathic medicines. Med Hypotheses. 1995;45(3):292-296. doi:10.1016/0306-9877(95)90120-5

2

Preparations produced by multiple dilutions can only be obtained using polar solvents. This assumption can be explained through the coherent interaction between the electric and magnetic dipoles of the molecules of the solvent and the initial substance

Belov VV, Mal'tseva EL, Pal'mina NP, Burlakova EB. The role of solvent polarity in the mechanism of action of biologically active compounds at ultralow concentrations. Dokl Biochem Biophys. 2004;399:362-364. doi:10.1007/s10628-005-0008-8

Endler PC, Schulte J, Stock-Schroeer B, Stephen S. "Ultra High Dilution 1994" revisited 2015--the state of follow-up research. Homeopathy. 2015;104(4):223-226. doi:10.1016/j.homp.2015.07.005

Yinnon T.Liquids Prepared by Serially Diluting and Vigorously Shaking of Aqueous Solutions: Unveiling Effects of the Solute on their Properties. Water. 2020;10:115. doi:10.14294/2019.2

3

UHD of antibodies act on protein conformation by changing protein hydration shell

Woods KN. Modeling of protein hydration dynamics is supported by THz spectroscopy of highly diluted solutions. Front Chem. 2023;11:1131935. doi:10.3389/fchem.2023.1131935

4

UHD of antibodies to IFNγ induce conformational changes in the IFNγ molecule

Tarasov SA, Gorbunov EA, Don ES, et al. Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Highly Diluted Biologics. J Immunol. 2020;205(5):1345-1354. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000098

5

UHD of antibodies change the structure of water around proteins

Penkov N, Penkova N. Analysis of emission infrared spectra of protein solutions in low concentrations. Front Phys. 2020;8:624779. doi:10.3389/fphy.2020.624779

6

UHD of antibodies to IFNγ change the structural properties of an aqueous solution of IFNγ without direct contact: intermolecular hydrogen bonds become stronger and there is an increase in the relaxation time of free and weakly bound water molecules

Penkov N. Antibodies Processed Using High Dilution Technology Distantly Change Structural Properties of IFNγ Aqueous Solution. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(11):1864. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13111864